Understanding the Laws Governing Wildlife Conservation in India

Wildlife conservation in India plays a vital role in preserving biodiversity and maintaining ecological balance. As one of the most biodiverse nations, India is home to iconic species such as the Bengal tiger, Asian elephant, and Indian rhinoceros. Conservation efforts aim to curb threats like poaching, deforestation, pollution, and climate change.

India’s approach to wildlife conservation involves scientific methods, habitat protection, and legislation. It is not only about saving animals—it contributes to sustainable development, tourism, ecosystem services, and community well-being.

The Importance of Wildlife Conservation in India

India holds nearly 8% of the world’s biodiversity. Projects like Project Tiger and Project Elephant have been instrumental in protecting endangered species. Notably, India’s tiger population rose from 1,706 in 2010 to 3,682 in 2022.

Human-Wildlife Conflict and Technological Solutions

Conflicts, especially in states like Kerala and Assam, often result in casualties on both sides. In Kerala, about 50 elephants and 50 people die annually due to such encounters. Innovative tools like the Haati App alert locals about elephant movements, reducing risk and enhancing coexistence.

Funding Challenges

Despite success stories, funding remains a challenge. The Wildlife Habitat Development Fund decreased from ₹165 crore in 2018–19 to just ₹56 crore in 2022–23. Strengthening public participation and government commitment is essential.

Constitutional Provisions for Wildlife Protection

Article 48A

This Directive Principle mandates the State to protect the environment and wildlife.

Article 51A(g)

Citizens have a fundamental duty to safeguard forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife.

Article 21

The Supreme Court of India has interpreted the Right to Life to include the right to a healthy environment, linking it directly to wildlife conservation.

Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: The Cornerstone Law

The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 offers comprehensive protection to wild animals, birds, and plants. It classifies species under six schedules, with Schedule I and II providing the highest protection and severe penalties.

Key Provisions:

• Prohibition on hunting endangered species.

• Establishment of national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and community reserves.

• Community involvement through conservation reserves.

• Regulation of wildlife trade in line with CITES.

• Empowerment of forest officials for enforcement.

Supporting Environmental Laws

The Indian Forest Act, 1927

Focuses on forest conservation and management. Forests are crucial habitats, and this act indirectly supports biodiversity protection.

The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980

Prevents forest land diversion without Central Government approval, protecting natural habitats.

The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

Empowers the central government to protect and improve environmental quality, especially after disasters like the Bhopal Gas Tragedy.

Air & Water Pollution Control Acts

The Air Act (1981) and Water Act (1974) are essential for maintaining ecosystem health, directly impacting wildlife survival.

Landmark Case Laws

1. State of Bihar v. Murad Ali Khan (1988)

The court highlighted the impact of commercial hunting and poaching on wildlife depletion.

2. Bairam Kumawat v. Union of India (2003)

Reaffirmed the ban on African elephant ivory trade and upheld the constitutionality of restrictions under Article 19(2).

Conclusion

India’s wildlife conservation journey is guided by robust laws, constitutional support, and scientific planning. However, rising threats such as habitat loss, human-animal conflict, and inadequate funding demand more inclusive efforts. Legal enforcement, community engagement, and technological innovation must go hand in hand to preserve India’s rich biodiversity.

References

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